Portuguese possessions in Morocco (1415–1769) In late spring of 1452 Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI wrote to Pope Nicholas for help against the impending siege by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. Nicholas issued the bull "Dum Diversas" (18 June 1452) authorizing King Alfonso V of Portugal to "attack, conquer, and subjugate Saracens, pagans and other enemies of Christ wherever they may be found." Issued less than a year before the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the bull may have been intended to begin another crusade against the Ottoman Empire.[12]
Portuguese ventures were intended to compete with the Muslim trans-Sahara caravans, which played a key role in the highly profitable Muslim slave trade and also held a monopoly on West African gold and ivory.[15]
The Portuguese claimed territorial rights along the African coast by virtue of having invested time and treasure in discovering it; the Castilian claim was based on their being the heirs of their Visigoth ancestors. In 1454 a fleet of caravels from Seville and Cadiz traded along the African coast and upon their return, were intercepted by a Portuguese squadron. Enrique IV of Castile threatened war. Afonso V appealed to the Pope for moral support of Portugal's right to a monopoly of trade in lands she discovered.[16] 0057七つの海の名無しさん2018/08/05(日) 17:09:30.69ID:SU8v6Bjz 南北アメリカインディアンにとって、バチカンはオウムどころではないよな。 法王を100回死刑にしても足りないだろ。 0058七つの海の名無しさん2018/08/05(日) 17:10:25.43ID:fhp+pSNm>>1
The owhatan grabbed any tools or weapons available and killed all English settlers they found, including men, women, and children of all ages. Chief Opechancanough led a coordinated series of surprise attacks by the Powhatan Confederacy that killed 347 people, a quarter of the English population of the Virginia colony. 0063七つの海の名無しさん2018/08/05(日) 17:21:51.11ID:AMvof91k 現場で射殺するより裁判で死刑にする方が人道的だろぅ 0064七つの海の名無しさん2018/08/05(日) 17:21:51.97ID:Se+FFoPn>>61 射殺は死刑じゃないぞ? 死刑は法律で裁かれた刑罰だ 射殺はただの問題排除だ
The Return of the Phoenix Universe Jean-Luc Lehners, Paul J. Steinhardt, Neil Turok (Submitted on 5 Oct 2009) ttps://arxiv.org/abs/0910.0834
However, a new cyclic theory of the universe has been proposed that evades these problems. In a recent elaboration of this picture, almost the entire universe observed today is fated to become entrapped inside black holes, but a tiny region will emerge from these ashes like a phoenix to form an even larger smooth, flat universe filled with galaxies, stars, planets, and, presumably, life. 0108七つの海の名無しさん2018/08/05(日) 19:31:11.13ID:fhp+pSNm 相対性理論と量子論のとてつもない予想誤差と、超巨大ブラックホールの観測によって起きる問題を解決しうる仮説ということで 数年前から注目を集めているのがサイクリック宇宙論とビッグバウンスだ
Bouncing Cosmologies: Progress and Problems ttps://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.05834.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_cyclic_cosmology The conformal cyclic cosmology (CCC) is a cosmological model in the framework of general relativity, advanced by the theoretical physicists Roger Penrose and Vahe Gurzadyan.[1][2][3] In CCC, the universe iterates through infinite cycles, with the future timelike infinity of each previous iteration being identified with the Big Bang singularity of the next.[4]
CCC and the Fermi paradox In 2015 Gurzadyan and Penrose also discussed the Fermi paradox, the apparent contradiction between the lack of evidence but high probability estimates for the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations. Within conformal cyclic cosmology, the cosmic microwave background provides the possibility of information transfer from one aeon to another, including of intelligent signals within information panspermia concept.[12]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model#Successes Successes In addition to explaining pre-2000 observations, the model has made a number of successful predictions: notably the existence of the baryon acoustic oscillation feature, discovered in 2005 in the predicted location; and the statistics of weak gravitational lensing, first observed in 2000 by several teams. The polarization of the CMB, discovered in 2002 by DASI [9] is now a dramatic success: in the 2015 Planck data release,[10] there are seven observed peaks in the temperature (TT) power spectrum, six peaks in the temperature-polarization (TE) cross spectrum, and five peaks in the polarization (EE) spectrum. The six free parameters can be well constrained by the TT spectrum alone, and then the TE and EE spectra can be predicted theoretically to few-percent precision with no further adjustments allowed: comparison of theory and observations shows an excellent match. 0109七つの海の名無しさん2018/08/05(日) 19:31:57.09ID:fhp+pSNm 弦理論の次元は単なる数式上のもので、ファインチューニングとして批判されるのは当然だろう 相対性理論と量子論のとてつもない誤差は問題ではあるが、だからといって数式内に次元を増やせば良いだけの問題ではない いくらでも解釈をでっちあげられるようになると、仮説の奇抜さで勝負しようとする輩がふえる
One key challenge for inflation is the singularity problem. If inflation is realized by the dynamics of scalar matter fields coupled to Einstein gravity, then the HawkingPenrose singularity theorems [7] can be extended [8] to show that an inflationary universe is geodesically past incomplete. Thus, there necessarily is a singularity before the onset of inflation. Hence, the inflationary scenario cannot yield the complete history of the very early universe. A bouncing cosmological scenario naturally avoids this singularity problem, although at the cost of having to introduce new physics to obtain the bounce
Jamie Seidel (7 December 2017). "Black hole at the dawn of time challenges our understanding of how the universe was formed". 9 December 2017.
It had reached its size just 690 million years after the point beyond which there is nothing. The most dominant scientific theory of recent years describes that point as the Big Bang — a spontaneous eruption of reality as we know it out of a quantum singularity. But another idea has recently been gaining weight: that the universe goes through periodic expansions and contractions — resulting in a “Big Bounce”. And the existence of early black holes has been predicted to be a key telltale as to whether or not the idea may be valid. This one is very big. To get to its size — 800 million times more mass than our Sun — it must have swallowed a lot of stuff.
....
As far as we understand it, the universe simply wasn’t old enough at that time to generate such a monster.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence In Southeast Asia, Thailand has had several prominent virulent Buddhist monastic calls for violence. In the 1970s, nationalist Buddhist monks like Phra Kittiwuttho argued that killing Communists did not violate any of the Buddhist precepts.[38] The militant side of Thai Buddhism became prominent again in 2004 when a Malay Muslim insurgency renewed in Thailand's deep south. At first Buddhist monks ignored the conflict as they viewed it as political and not religious but eventually they adopted an "identity-formation", as practical realities require deviations from religious ideals.[39]
Ashokavadana states that there was a mass killing of Jains for disrespecting the Buddha by King Ashoka in which around 18,000 followers of Jainism were killed.[66]