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Fig. 2: Spatiotemporal distribution and clustering of sites included in the archaeological database.

a, Geographical distribution of 255 sites from the Neolithic (red) and the Bronze Age (green).

b, Coloured dots cluster the investigated sites according to cultural similarity in line with Bayesian analysis in Supplementary Data 25, with indication of the spread of millet and rice in time and space.

The distribution of archaeological sites in Fig. 2 is smaller than that of contemporary languages in Fig. 1 because we focus on the early dispersal of the linguistic subgroups in the Neolithic and the Bronze Age and on the links between the eastward spread of farming and language dispersal.